{"id":3677,"date":"2021-04-25T15:42:46","date_gmt":"2021-04-25T13:42:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/39a.se\/?p=3677"},"modified":"2022-07-07T22:00:03","modified_gmt":"2022-07-07T20:00:03","slug":"forbranningsmotorns-skrotas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/39a.se\/en\/forbranningsmotorns-skrotas\/","title":{"rendered":"F\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotorn skrotas"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u00e4rf\u00f6r avbryts anv\u00e4ndningen av f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotorer.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Flera fordonstillverkare g\u00e5r nu ut med att de inte kommer att anv\u00e4nda f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotorer i sina nyproducerade fordon efter \u00e5r 2030. Vad \u00e4r det som f\u00e5r tillverkarna att fatta ett s\u00e5 drastiskt beslut? Vad \u00e4r en f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotor och vad \u00e4r nackdelarna med den typen av motor. H\u00e4r ges v\u00e5r f\u00f6rklaring av orsaken till besluten fr\u00e5n fordonstillverkarna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Varf\u00f6r f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotor v\u00e4ljs bort just nu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tv\u00e5 huvudorsaker till att flera av fordonstillverkarna slutar utveckla f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotor just nu handlar om verkningsgraden och de fyra takterna. L\u00e5t oss f\u00f6rklara vidare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vad \u00e4r en f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grundfunktionen f\u00f6r f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotorn \u00e4r att syre kr\u00e4ver ett st\u00f6rre utrymme att vara p\u00e5 n\u00e4r det v\u00e4rms upp (syremolekylen f\u00e5r en st\u00f6rre r\u00f6relseenergi i h\u00f6gre temperaturer), med den vetskapen har man velat utveckla en maskin (motor) som kan ta tillvara p\u00e5 den r\u00f6relseenergin. I en motor vill vi skapa kraft och r\u00f6relse som fortplantar sig via motorn och drivlinan till drivhjulen f\u00f6r att driva fordonet fram\u00e5t. Med den kunskapen om syret leder vi in syre i en sluten cylinder och v\u00e4rmer upp syret s\u00e5 ett tryck bildas som kan trycka ner kolven. R\u00f6relseenergin som bildas g\u00e5r via kolven till vevstaken som f\u00e5r vevaxeln i motorn att snurra. I cylindern v\u00e4rmdes syret upp med hj\u00e4lp av en f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nning, hur f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningen startas skiljer sig \u00e5t mellan bensin- och dieselmotorn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00e5 ant\u00e4nds br\u00e4nslet i f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotorn<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I en bensinmotor med fyra takter<\/strong> startas f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningen genom att vi l\u00e5ter kolven \u00e5ka fr\u00e5n sin \u00f6vre d\u00f6dpunkt till sin nedre d\u00f6dpunkt och skapa ett undertryck. Inloppsventilen \u00e4r \u00f6ppen i denna f\u00f6rsta takt (inlopps takten) och syre och br\u00e4nsle (bensin) kommer in i cylindern. I andra takten (kompressionstakten) \u00e4r kolven p\u00e5 v\u00e4g upp, syret och br\u00e4nslet komprimeras. N\u00e4r syret och br\u00e4nslet komprimeras \u00f6kar v\u00e4rmen men inte tillr\u00e4ckligt f\u00f6r att en f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nning skall starta, d\u00e4rf\u00f6r kommer en gnista fr\u00e5n t\u00e4ndstiftet som ger tillr\u00e4ckligt med v\u00e4rme s\u00e5 en f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nning kan starta. Till den tredje takten (arbetstakten) har syret v\u00e4rmts upp, ett h\u00f6gt tryck har bildats ovanf\u00f6r kolven. Trycket pressar ner kolven med stor kraft och skapar en r\u00f6relseenergi i vevaxeln. I fj\u00e4rde takten (utloppstakten) pressas avgaserna ut genom avgasventilen n\u00e4r kolven slungas upp. Efter denna fj\u00e4rde och sista takt startar processen om igen med den f\u00f6rsta takten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Det som skiljer Rudolf Diesels dieselmotor fr\u00e5n Nicolaus Ottos bensinmotor \u00e4r att Rudolf valde att endast komprimera ihop syret i andra takten. Han kunde d\u00e5 plocka bort t\u00e4ndstiftet och t\u00e4ndsystemet fr\u00e5n motorn, men i geng\u00e4ld m\u00e5ste hans motor klara av ett mycket h\u00f6gre tryck i kompressionstakten f\u00f6r att f\u00e5 en sj\u00e4lvant\u00e4ndning n\u00e4r br\u00e4nslet (diesel) sprutas in i slutet av takten. D\u00e4r t\u00e4ndstiftet sitter i en bensinmotor sitter ist\u00e4llet en insprutare f\u00f6r br\u00e4nslet i dieselmotorn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endast en takt av fyra tillf\u00f6r kraft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I arbetstakten skapas kraft genom v\u00e4rmeenergin i f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningen, den kraften skapar r\u00f6relseenergi i motorn som n\u00e5r drivhjulen via drivlinan. Detta \u00e4r enda takten som tillf\u00f6r kraft till drivhjulen, de \u00f6vriga tre takterna tar energi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Att endast en takt av tre kan ge kraft till drivhjulen \u00e4r en klar begr\u00e4nsning med f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotorn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hur anv\u00e4nds energin i br\u00e4nslet<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Med verkningsgrad<\/strong> menas den energi i br\u00e4nslet som g\u00e5r till drivhjulen, den st\u00f6rsta delen av energin g\u00e5r tyv\u00e4rr f\u00f6rlorad i v\u00e4rmef\u00f6rluster. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bensinmotorn har i grunden en verkningsgrad p\u00e5 36%. F\u00f6rdelningen av energin \u00e4r 36% till drivhjulen, 4% i friktionsf\u00f6rluster, 30% ger v\u00e4rmef\u00f6rluster via avgassystemet och 30% via kylsystemet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Motsvarande f\u00f6r dieselmotorn \u00e4r i grunden en verkningsgrad p\u00e5 43% som d\u00e5 g\u00e5r till drivhjulen, 7% i friktionsf\u00f6rluster, 25% i v\u00e4rmef\u00f6rluster via avgassystemet och 25% via kylsystemet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dieselmotorn har en n\u00e5got h\u00f6gre verkningsgrad \u00e4n bensinmotorn men ingen av dem kommer \u00f6ver 50%. Dieselmotorn har l\u00e4gre v\u00e4rmef\u00f6rluster men lite h\u00f6gre friktionsf\u00f6rlust p\u00e5 grund av h\u00f6gre tryck i cylindern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endast 43% av br\u00e4nslet g\u00e5r till att driva drivhjulen i en dieselmotor, \u00e4n v\u00e4rre i bensinmotorn d\u00e4r s\u00e5 lite som 36% g\u00e5r till att kunna driva fordonet.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skulle f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotorn f\u00f6rbjudas om den uppfanns idag?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tre av fyra takter tar energi, mer \u00e4n 50% av br\u00e4nslet som vi tankar bilen med f\u00f6rsvinner i v\u00e4rmef\u00f6rluster. Avgaserna fr\u00e5n f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningen \u00e4r klart p\u00e5drivande av v\u00e4xthuseffekten. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Om vi hade o\u00e4ndligt med br\u00e4nsle och inga negativa avgaser fr\u00e5n motor, s\u00e5 skulle vi kunna se p\u00e5 motorn p\u00e5 ett helt nytt s\u00e4tt. Men s\u00e5 \u00e4r inte fallet, Rudolf Diesel s\u00e5g faran med f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotorn och ville med sin dieselmotor \u00f6ka verkningsgraden och driva den med ett f\u00f6rnyelsebart br\u00e4nsle. Tyv\u00e4rr hann Rudolf inte utveckla sin motor s\u00e5 som hans intentioner var fr\u00e5n b\u00f6rjan. Ett antal \u00e5r efter att han visat upp sin fungerande motor, hittades Rudolf d\u00f6d i engelska kanalen efter att han var p\u00e5 v\u00e4g till England f\u00f6r att marknadsf\u00f6ra sin dieselmotorn. Det problem Rudolf s\u00e5g med f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotorerna redan i slutet av 1800-talet, har tagits p\u00e5 allvar alldeles f\u00f6rsent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fr\u00e5gan \u00e4r nu om elmotorn \u00e4r v\u00e5r r\u00e4ddning.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tv\u00e5 huvudorsaker till att flera av fordonstillverkarna slutar utveckla f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotor just nu handlar om..<\/p>","protected":false},"author":178098660,"featured_media":3680,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_has_post_settings":[],"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"{title}\n\n{excerpt}\n\n{url}","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[696786196,696786166],"tags":[696786316,696786324,696786315,696786325,696786314,696786319,696786318,696786323,696786321,696786326,696786320,696786322,696786317],"hashtags":[],"class_list":["post-3677","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bloggar","category-garaget","tag-bensin","tag-bensin-motor","tag-diesel","tag-diesel-motor","tag-forbranningsmotor","tag-fornyelsebartbransle","tag-fyra-takterna","tag-motor","tag-nicolaus-otto","tag-otto-motor","tag-rudolf-diesel","tag-vaxthuseffekt","tag-verkningsgrad"],"yoast_head":"\nF\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotorn skrotas - Fakta & K\u00f6pguide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Fordonstillverkare slutar tillverka f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotorer. 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